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首先：英语第一关--最最基本功但也是最最磨人心-- ＂死去活来＂
很形象啊，因为大多数人在这里来了又跑，跑了又来，反复好几次，不是死去活来好几次么？
此阶段要求牢牢掌握2000核心词汇和高中水平语法，
方法：没有~~~＊＃￥＠ 下苦功吧
注意！在这阶段真的需要很辛苦，语法学习可没有捷径啊，幸~幸~~本人得益中学的填鸭秘芨--题海战而得以通过，如果大家都有此遇，真有必要回头谢谢老师们啊.
当然也有方法可以帮助你顺利通过此关（快速过关就别想啦，呵呵），有好的老师（比如我啦）在一边指导语法就非常有效，背词汇方法就多啦，但记住此关一定要求掌握语法和单词的用法，所以...慢慢来啦
如果有幸已经通过第一关，先小恭喜啦，为什么呀，因为一，后面几关我还要恭喜你，当然要留下一定的上升空间！还有因为二，马上看到的第二关也很恐怖，叫做＂粉身碎骨＂，这又为什么？要讲很久啦
大家都知道外国话和中国话有不同吧，其实除了单词语法之外最最憋人的是"不习惯"，造成的问题在听力和口语方面尤其明显，听不清又说不明，有再大的词汇量也没用，而适应英语的习惯也同样不是能速成的，这里简单介绍练习听力和口语基础的途径：
听力基础：听懂首先须听清，即能分辨词词之间的间隙停顿，可以用边看录音内容边听录音的方法练习，或由快由慢到快地听，每天坚持一定量的训练，不出一月应该可以听得出一般速度一般长度的录音中40%的单词，由于一个句子中只需要听懂主要成分，所以听懂这40%的单词意味着能听懂70%的文章大概内容. 听力的基本功就算有了.
口语基础：目前只有不到2000的词汇量太小了，但这并不妨碍口语基础训练，所谓口语基础，即能以基础词汇组成的短语表达意思，关键是短语，大家知道词典中的单词注释都有用短语的吧，而那些短语中的词汇是不是很基础的？所以词汇量不大不要紧，更不会影响表达，用短语就行了，所以就要训练用基础词汇组成的短语表达的能力，也别老想着用什么高级的单词，习惯用短语，功夫深了没什么说不出口的.
写作不说了，类似口语的训练
阅读在这里也不用多说，如果说词汇量小对口语写作影响不大，在阅读这里就是大障碍，但是必须作一个训练-句型训练，为后面打基础，除了掌握各种从句，更重要的要会分主谓宾等成分，为后面训练速读打基础.
还有一点别忘了--词汇，有了2000核心词汇后，还要一般程度地积累2000-4000词汇，这里说一般程度指认识／会念／会听即可，不用知道怎么用，因为大多数根本用不着,这几千个词汇可以用我的图象记忆法，一年轻松搞定（多轻松？每天10分钟）
好了，第二阶段完成了，如果不算词汇，大半年就够了，我建议词汇积累可以贯穿于阶段二与阶段三，如果顺利我们可以很快进入第三阶段-＂脱胎换骨＂，进入实战阶段.
实战，即较快速度的听力，熟练规范的口语和写作，速读精读
听力：更高的语速要求更灵敏的耳朵捕捉信息和更快的脑力处理信息，其中后者更重要，方法与前相同，但不再满足于听得清楚，思维要跟上，而一般语速锻炼出的思维反应只能是一般的，应该用最快的语速录音，锻炼出的将是较快的反应，达到训练目的
口语：由短语表达能力训练进入句型组织训练，快速和符合英语习惯是两大目标，通过大量句型分析和中译英逐步提高句型组织速度并积累对英语习惯的体会，然后通过写作培养脱口说英语的能力. 在此，有指导的大量较长期的练习对培养速度和语感是必须的.
阅读：有了现在较大的词汇量就可以进行阅读的速度和理解能力训练，另文详述.
第三阶段需要至少一年的时间才能达到中高级水平.
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BASIC INFORMATION
Full Country Name: The People's Republic of China
Country Profile: China
Area: 9,956,960 sq km (3.7m sq mi)
Population: 1.29 bn
Capital City: Beijing
People: Han Chinese make up around 92 percent of the population. The remaining 8 percent is comprised of 55 minority ethnic groups.
Official Language: Mandarin (Putonghua) with many local dialects.
Religion(s): China is officially atheistic, but there are five State-Registered Religions: Daoism, Buddhism, Islam, Catholic and Protestant Christianity.
Currency: Yuan or Renminbi (RMB)
Major political parties: Chinese Communist Party
Government: There are three major hierarchies in China: the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the government and the military. The supreme decision-making body in China is the CCP Politburo and its 9-member Standing Committee, which acts as a kind of 'inner cabinet', and is headed by the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. The National People's Congress (NPC) is China's legislative body. It has a five-year membership and meets once a year in plenary session. However, in practice it is the CCP who takes all key decisions.
Head of State and General Secretary of the CCP: President Hu Jintao
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the NPC: Wu Bangguo
Premier of the State Council: Wen Jiabao
Foreign Minister: Li Zhaoxing
Membership of international groups/organisations: United Nations (including permanent membership of the UN Security Council), ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF); Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC); Asian Development Bank (ADB); Shanghai Cooperation Organisation; World Trade Organisation (WTO).
GEOGRAPHY
China is twice the size of Western Europe and the third largest country in the world, after Russia and Canada. China is a highly diverse country and its terrain varies from plains, deltas and hills in the east to mountains, high plateaux and deserts in the west. To the south its climate is tropical, whilst to the north it is sub-arctic. Less than one-sixth of China is suitable for agriculture and the most fertile areas lie in the eastern third of the country, which is economically the most developed region.
HISTORY
Longer Historical Perspective
The Chinese imperial system came to an end in 1911, when the Qing (Manchu) dynasty was overthrown and China was proclaimed a republic, partly through the efforts of revolutionaries such as Sun Yat-sen. The country then entered a period of warlordism until in 1927 the Nationalist Party or 'Kuomintang' (KMT), under its leader Chiang Kai-shek, established a central government in Nanjing. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1921 but broke with the KMT and was forced to flee into the interior in the Long March in 1934/35. Both KMT and CCP forces opposed Japan during World War Two but a civil war broke out from 1945-1949. CCP forces under Mao Zedong routed their KMT opponents and in 1949 Mao announced the establishment of the People's Republic of China. KMT elements fled to the island of Taiwan.
The period between 1949 and Mao's death in 1976 was characterised by an ambitious political and economic restructuring programme which involved the collectivisation of industry, the establishment of communes and the redistribution of land. The Cultural Revolution from 1966-1976 brought enormous upheaval in the political system and Mao had to rely on the armed forces to maintain order and exercise control.
Recent History
In December 1978 the CCP, inspired by Deng Xiaoping, launched a wide-ranging programme of economic and social reform which sought to modernise the economy, develop China's external relations (the 'open door policy') - especially with the West, and implement a gradual and limited liberalisation of Chinese society.
Political opposition to the more liberal reforms forced periods of retrenchment and in June 1989, following the brutal suppression of pro-democracy demonstrators in Beijing, political control swung firmly into the hands of conservative elements within the CCP. The Chinese government labelled the demonstrations a 'counter-revolutionary rebellion' and clamped down on dissent. Prominent dissidents fled the country or went into hiding. Many activists were arrested. Party General Secretary Zhao Ziyang was replaced by Jiang Zemin, former Mayor and later Party Secretary of Shanghai. Jiang was appointed to the additional post of State President in March 1993. Since then, the Party leadership has continued the economic reform programme, while also seeking to improve China's standing in the international community. Jiang retired as President in March 2003 and was replaced by Vice-President Hu Jintao (see below)
BBC Monitoring Timeline
POLITICS
Recent Political Developments
The new State leadership positions were announced at the National People's Congress (NPC), which met from 5-18 March 2003. Hu Jintao was named President and Wen Jiabao became Premier. Wu Bangguo replaced Li Peng as NPC Chairman. The new leadership have made it clear that they will continue the current policy main priorities of economic growth, internal stability and opening up to the world.
The leadership transition was completed in September 2004 with Jiang Zemin retiring from the Chairmanship of the Central Military Commission (CMC). Hu Jintao assumed the post of CMC Chairman to add to his roles as State President and Party General Secretary.
Elections
China is in practice a one party state. The National People's Congress (NPC) is indirectly elected. Direct elections for village leaders have also been conducted since 1988. They take place every three years, although it is unclear how genuine and effective they are. The legislature remains subject to Party leadership. However, since 1987 the NPC has been building its oversight capacity over the actions of the government.
ECONOMY
Economic indicators:
GDP: US$1.4 trillion (2004)
GDP per head: US$1090 (2004)
Annual Growth: 9.5% (2004)
Inflation: 4.1% (2004 Q1-Q3)
Exchange rate: 15 Renminbi = ?1
UK Trade & Investment Country Profile: China
Chatham House China Project
China has been one of the world's economic success stories since reforms began in 1978. In purchasing power parity terms, China is the world's second biggest economy .Official figures show that GDP has grown on average by 9 percent a year over the past 25 years.
A growing share of China's economic growth has been generated in the private sector as the government has opened up industries to domestic and foreign competition, though the role of the state in ownership and planning remains extensive.
China's economic and social development challenges remain huge. These include reforming ailing state-owned industries, overhauling the financial sector and raising the incomes of China's rural population. China's leaders have launched a campaign to develop China's western regions as well as a drive to rejuvenate the old industrial bases in the Northeast. These campaigns are part of an effort to slow down the widening income gaps between China's more developed areas and the interior. China's entry into the World Trade Organisation in December 2001 is further integrating China into the global economy.
TAIWAN
The reunification of Taiwan with the rest of China remains one of the Chinese government's key objectives. Following defeat in the Sino-Japanese War in 1895, Taiwan and Penghu (Pescadores) Islands were ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki. They remained under Japanese rule until 1945 when the Japanese surrendered and the islands were occupied by Chinese Nationalist (KMT) forces. In December 1949, following the Nationalists' defeat on the mainland, the government of the then 'Republic of China' under President Chiang Kai-shek moved to Taiwan, together with approximately two million supporters. Although China has sought reunification through negotiation, the Chinese have not renounced the threat of military action against Taiwan. In February 2000, the Chinese issued a White paper on the Taiwan question which set out a further condition beyond a declaration of independence which could precipitate an attack: indefinite delay by Taiwan in negotiating unification.
The United Kingdom considers the Taiwan issue is one to be settled by the people on both sides of the Taiwan Straits. We are strongly opposed to any use of force and urge both sides to engage in constructive dialogue.
Despite the political stalemate, economic and people-to-people links continue to develop at an impressive rate. Although direct trade is still prohibited, Taiwanese investment in China is substantial.
Britain recognised the People's Republic of China in 1950. In 1972, Britain and China upgraded relations to Ambassadorial level and signed a joint communiqué in which Britain acknowledged the position of the Government of the People's Republic of China that Taiwan was a province of China and recognised the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government of China. The United Kingdom does not recognise Taiwan as a state and does not have diplomatic relations with Taiwan. Further information about Taiwan can be found on the Taiwan Profile.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
CHINA'S RELATIONS WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
The PRC took over the China seat at the United Nations from Taiwan in 1971. Since the launch of its ‘open door policy' in 1978 China has begun to take a more active role in international organisations. The repression of the democracy movement in 1989, however, led to a chill in relations between the West and China. In recent years, China has generally pursued amicable relations with its neighbours and with the West. Diplomatic relations were restored or 'normalised' in the early 1990s with countries in South East Asia such as Indonesia and Vietnam.
China's international political and economic weight continues to grow. It hosted summits of APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation) and ASEM (Asia-Europe Meeting) in 2001, and is active within the ASEAN Plus Three (ASEAN countries plus China, South Korea and Japan) grouping. It joined the World Trade Organisation in 2001, and is increasingly active in the United Nations Security Council, where it holds one of the five Permanent Seats. China supported Security Council Resolution 1441 on Iraq.
CHINA'S RELATIONS WITH THE UK
The British Government's broad objectives are:
to encourage and support China's closer integration into the international system (including economic, financial and trade structures) as a responsible and friendly partner, and to encourage a constructive approach to international security issues and global challenges such as the environment, drugs, terrorism and AIDS;
to help China deliver economic reform and eradicate poverty;
to promote positive change in human rights, with a particular emphasis on promoting the rule of law;
to advance our commercial interests;
to fulfil our political and moral obligations to the people of Hong Kong.
Diplomatic Representation
Chinese representation in the UK
UK overseas mission in China
EU-China Relations
From 1 July to 31 December 2005 the UK serves as EU Presidency.
The EU’s China policy objectives are:
to engage China further, both bilaterally and on the world stage, through an upgraded political dialogue.
to support China's transition to an open society based upon the rule of law and respect for human rights.
to encourage the integration of China in the world economy through bringing it fully into the world trading system, and supporting the process of economic and social reform that is continuing in China.
to raise the EU's profile in China.
More details of our Presidency priorities can be found by visiting the UK Presidency of the EU 2005 website.
A summary detailing the architecture of China-EU relations can be found on the EU Commission website
UK Development Assistance
Although the Chinese government has made remarkable progress in lifting as many as 300m people out of poverty since 1978, there are still more than 160m people in China who live on less than $1 per day (the international standard which defines absolute poverty). The majority of the remaining poor are located in the Western Provinces of China.
The Department for International Development (DFID) is working with the Chinese Government to support their poverty reduction programmes. They are active in areas of basic education, health (particularly health policy, and in programmes to control TB and HIV/AIDS), economic reform and water and sustainable livelihoods. The main provinces in which DFID works are Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan. The DFID annual programme to China in 2004/2005 will be ?45 million.
More information can be found on the DFID Website - China country profile
Trade and Investment
The UK's bilateral trade relationship with China is strong and growing. UK trade with China has doubled in the past 5 years, growing faster than any of our G8 competitors:
Total exports to China in 2004 were ?2.4 billion, showing a rise of 23% on the figure for 2003. The UK's main exports to China by sector are electronic equipment and components, ICT, precision instruments and metals/ores.
Total imports from China in 2004 were ?10.6 billion. This represents a ratio of 4.5 to 1 in China's favour. Main imports were IT equipment, clothing, toys furniture, electrical machinery and telecommunications equipment.
Outward Investment
The UK is one of the largest investors in China (and the largest EU investor in China and Hong Kong combined) with over ,4000 British-invested projects. Major UK companies with investments in China include Arup, BP, Shell, P&O, Rolls Royce and Tesco.
China is a priority market for UK Trade and Investment. There are over 100 UK trade and investment supported missions, seminars and trade show events scheduled for 2005/2006. Areas of opportunities of potential interest to UK companies include the following sectors: aerospace, energy, environment, education and training, financial services, Healthcare, ICT, oil & gas and water. Commercial opportunities continue to increase significantly after China's entry to the WTO in December 2001.
Inward Investment
More than 400 companies have invested in the UK from mainland China. Whilst the majority are in the banking, consultancy and trading sectors, more companies are now looking at the UK's R&D capabilities and service sector. The majority of Chinese companies are based in the London area with new clusters to be found in the regions. 2003/2004 saw the biggest Chinese investment to date, with 324 new jobs created from 23 investments.
The China-Britain Business Council (CBBC) is one of the principal vehicles in the UK for the development of business with China. The CBBC has offices in London, Glasgow and Newcastle and six offices in China (Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Qingdao and Chengdu). UK Trade and Investment provides approximately one third of the CBBC's income through a grant-in-aid.
See also the CBBC website
Cultural relations with the UK
There are strong and growing cultural and educational relations between the UK and China. The British Council, which operates as the Cultural and Education Section of the British Embassy in Beijing and the British Consulates-General in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chongqing, has a wide-ranging programme of activity covering areas such as the arts, education, science and technology and good governance. It is also active in promoting UK education. There are over 50,000 Chinese students studying in the UK, making China one of the leading providers of overseas students in the UK. The British Council also conducts over 60,000 English language examinations in China annually from a network of 21 test centres throughout the country.
More information can be found on the British Council website.
The British Council, China
The British Chevening Scholarships Programme for China is the largest in the world and is funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For the academic year 2003-04 it will have provided over 170 scholarships for young Chinese students. Many former Chevening scholars have gone on to achieve positions of influence in China.
The Great Britain-China Centre, founded in 1974 and part-funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, promotes understanding between Britain and China, particularly in the areas of legal and labour reform. It manages exchange programmes with Chinese partners, provides information and advice about China, and publishes the quarterly magazine China Review.
More information can be found at www.gbcc.org.uk
Recent Visits
Outward Visits
There have been several high-level visits to China in recent years.
The Prime Minister visited China on 5 and 6 September 2005 accompanied by the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry Alan Johnson, and the Minister for Trade Ian Pearson:
On 5 September the programme focussed on EU Presidency business. For more information on the EU-China Summit, including the Joint Statement on EU-China relations and the Joint Declaration on Climate Change, please view the FCO news area. The Joint Press Conference held by the Prime Minister and the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao is avialable on the 10 Downing Street website.
On 6 September the Prime Minister covered the broad bilateral agenda at the UK-China Summit. For further information on the promotion of cultural and sporting links please view the 10 Downing Street website.
The Prime Minister visited Beijing and Shanghai in July 2003. After the visit he asked the Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott to set up and chair a China Task Force to examine ways of deepening our relationship with China in the areas of science and technology, environment, trade, and education. The Task Force recommendations formed the annex to the Joint Statement made by the two Premiers in May 2004.
Since July 2003 there have been visits to China by the Deputy Prime Minister, Foreign Secretary, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, Leader of the House of Commons & Secretary of State for Wales, Secretary of State for International Development, the Minister for Trade, and the Defence Secretary. HRH The Duke of York also visited Shanghai in 2004.
Recent Inward Visits
In May 2004 the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited London. The two Prime Ministers issued a Joint Statement setting out plans for developing co-operation between the two countries.
Read the China-UK joint statement on the Number 10 website
Other senior Chinese visitors have included the Mayor of Beijing Wang Qishan, Tianjin Party Secretary Zhang Lichang, and Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing. President Hu Jintao visited Scotland in July 2005 to take part in the G8 Gleneagles Summit Outreach session.
HUMAN RIGHTS
The human rights situation in China continues to be a matter of serious concern. The detention and harassment of democracy activists, religious practitioners and Falun Gong adherents runs contrary to international human rights norms. Religious belief, freedoms of association, expression and of media are routinely restricted. Since Falun Gong was declared illegal by the Chinese authorities in 1999 large numbers of its practitioners have been detained and leaders given harsh sentences. Whilst the British Government does not take a view on the nature of Falun Gong, it is concerned by reports of human rights abuses against Falun Gong adherents.
We raise these and other issues, together with certain individual cases, at every appropriate contact with Chinese Ministers, within the EU/China Human Rights Dialogue and through our regular bilateral Human Rights Dialogue with the Chinese. This dialogue process began in September 1997, and formal sessions are held twice a year, alternately in London and Beijing. The most recent meeting took place in Beijing in November 2004.
Tibet
Successive British Governments have regarded Tibet as autonomous while recognising the special position of the Chinese there. Tibet has never been internationally recognised as an independent state. We welcomed the visit to Beijing and Lhasa in September 2002 by representatives of the Dalai Lama and continue to encourage the Chinese Government to enter into meaningful dialogue with the Dalai Lama to resolve the Tibetan issue.
More information on human rights in China, including Tibet - Human Rights Annual Report 2005
Follow this link to view a recent Parliamentary debate on Tibet.
Follow this link to view a recent debate about the persecution of Christians.
HEALTH
The overall health situation in China has improved considerably since 1949. For example, between 1965 and 1995, China's infant mortality rate decreased from 90 to 36 per 1,000 live births, and life expectancy at birth increased from 55 to 69 years. But these improvements have slowed since the 1980s. Economic reforms have inadvertently led to the collapse of rural community financing of health services.
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS was first reported in China in 1985. In September 2002 the Chinese Government estimated that about a million people were infected with the HIV virus in China. The United Nations believes that this is still an underestimate and warns that as many as 1.5 million Chinese have the virus, rising to 20 million by the end of the decade. Although cases have been detected in all provinces, HIV transmission is primarily focused among intravenous drug users in certain provinces (eg Yunnan and Xinjiang). In 1998 the Chinese Government set out policy objectives and strategies to deal with HIV/AIDS and introduced measures such as HIV screening for all blood for clinical use and information campaigns.
TRAVEL
Travel Advice: China
USEFUL LINKS AND PAPERS:
Research and Analytical Papers: Asia and Australasia
Last reviewed - 7 September 2005
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在外企必会的英文单词
1、background
俺到外企上班了，那可是外企！像什么IBM什么的，用字母当公司名的那可都是大外企，不是什么民企能够比拟的！记得到UT找工作的时候，人力资源部(俺这叫HR)的领导看着我的简历说，你的background不错，俺心里就一阵兴奋，心想这可真到外企了呀！
2、conferencecall
这可是俺们的主要工作方式，有道是大call三六九，小call天天有，有事咱就call一下，call完该干吗咱还干吗呀！
3、aggressive
这是俺们领导表扬和批评人用的：“小×，你最近可是很不aggressive啊！”于是，俺是每天很aggressive地上班，很aggressive地下班。
4、addsb.toloop
这就是说要把谁给绕到圈子里去，有的事知道的人少，这就很不好，应该让多些人知道，于是就把他绕到圈子里去。
5、involve
跟上面的意思一样，就是上面的是邮件里面说的，这个是用话说的。需要谁来搀和一下了，就把谁给involve进来。
6、broadcast
这是俺们外企发通知用的，比如“嘿，听说了吗？broadcast说了，食堂要涨价了，原来6块，现在6块6了！”
7、team
这是俺们生产队，比如开会时别的部门的领导问俺：“你是哪个team的？”俺就回答说：“俺是龟田小队长那个team的呀，都是皇军的队伍。”
8、FYI
这个缩写，老难了，俺第二年才明白啥意思，就是不关你事，让你看看的意思。
9、CC
这也是缩写，后来才搞明白，就是把邮件塞给你想给看的人。比如，“小×，把这个邮件‘CC’××领导！”“领导，这个邮件已经‘CC’给你了！”
10、push
做工作嘛，困难大了就要推呀，反正这工作来了，俺就得推这个，推那个，一个推一个,往往跟俺家驴推磨似的，推了一圈，还得自己推啊，后来搞明白，咱的推功夫没有人家高啊
加几个：
1， asap
越快越好；
2，point
你到底要讲什么？What's your point?
3，keep somebody posted
就某件关注的市项，让人随时知悉进展；
4，brainstorm
开动脑力，激起头脑风暴；
5，compromise
公司里有人，就有政治，就有妥协；
6，chanlenge
跟老板叫板，chanleng the boss
7，review
总结回顾；
8，teamwork
团队精神；
9，SOB
我经常这样叫我看不惯的家伙；
10，NG
不好，再来一次，有时候脾气不好，变成 NFG;
11，FNG
菜鸟，新员工；
12，regards/cheers/chao
email结尾常用
13，favor
在公司，你会经常请别人“Do me a favor”
options
备选方案；
solution
解决办法；
promotion
1，升官
2，推广
sell
在办公室，sell的意思不是卖东西，而是推销和让人家结受你的想法；
paperwork
指所有的文挡工作，即使全部都用电脑做无纸化，也叫paperwork；
memo
备忘录，会议记录，这个词在office用的频率很高；
teardown
把一个项目的由来始终弄清楚；
hantch
灵机一动的想法
OT
“小丽，今晚OT晚回。”借口加班去鬼混；
axpat
外籍雇员；
hangout
下班不回家；
partner
工作同伙；
A4
“Pass me a A4 please.”叫你拿张纸给他，不是拿AK47步枪；
boardroom
会议室，一般没人用meeting room
book
订机票，订酒店
beverage bar
大公司喝水休息的地方
coffee/tea break
大公司工作时间内的小休；
reserve
秘书经常干的活，定餐位；
jet-lack
越洋出差用得上这个词，意为时差造成的不适；
interm
实习生
probation
新员工试用期：3 months probation
operator/receptionist
前台/接线员
deadline
完成某项目的最后期限；
kick-off
启动某个项目，原指足球赛开踢；
stand tree
“I stand tree this time.”这次我请客。
go dutch
各付各帐，所谓的AA制说法是中国的发明，老外听不懂；
handover
工作交接；
lunch break
午间休息；
外企公司常用缩写：
RGDS: regards
TKS: thanks
ASAP: as soon as posible
BTW: by the way
FW: foward
COD: code of conduct 公司行为规范准则
OL: office lady
EG: for example
FYI: for you information
ETC: esmated time of complete
ETS: esmated time of shipping
NG: no good
NFG: no fxxking good
FNG: fxxking new guy 常指把事情搞得一团糟的新员工
SOB: son of a bitch 我的口头禅
cc: copies send to
bcc: copies send to undisclosed-recipients 这一招很阴毒，发文骂人，bcc老板，而受文者看不到你告状
stand up meeting
非正式的短会，比如说三两个人站在过道中间讨论一下事情，老外喜欢这样干；
sticker
一种名为“post-it”的黄色小纸片，可以贴在电脑屏幕上或电话机上，办公室的小女生喜欢用它来写一些与工作无关的事；
Fedex/DHL/UPS
常用的快递公司；
gettogether
聚一聚，“Let's have a gettogether this weekend.”
reminder
提醒一下，“Just a kind reminder.”表示你可能miss掉了一些事情，人家不方便指责你，所以“善意提醒”；
localize
这几年各大公司流行这个词，是老外挂在中层本地骨干前面的胡萝卜。“localize the management level”
cell
对手机比较地道的说法，“Call my cell if you can't find me in the office.” 说 mobil phone比较土，说hand phone就土掉渣了；
page
传呼，BB机流行的年代常用。“Page me.” 说“Call me.”的很土；
manuel
工作手册，指南
expense
费用，出差要报销的也是expense；
budget
预算，每个项目不论大小，包括出去聚餐，都要事先算budget；
pain in the ass
办公室口头禅，意指老也没办法解决的麻烦事；
outing
忙碌了一段时间，或一个重要项目完成后，老板带大家出去疯一次，当然是公费，一般是星期五方一天假，再加上周末两天；用travel 或 tour 相当不地道，很土；
project
使用频率最高的词之一，很多非外企也爱用它，我朋友的公司开会时也爱说“我们来讨论一下这个破街。”
fall guy
替罪羊，公司里避免不了；
face music
挨骂，被上司训斥；
kick somebody's ass
老板训人；
go by book
按规章办事
tough
两个意思，一指办事手段果断，不留情面；一指棘手的事情；
day in and day out
日复一日；
first-aid
指公司内的医药箱；
misunderstanding
误解，误会，办公室内经常会有；
routine
例行事务
screw up
弄砸事情，常用纯口语，正式一点的说法是“You did it wrong.”公司里面一般说“You screw it up.”
screw这个词单独用在口语里，相当于国语里面的“操”和“干”，当然原意是指钻钉螺丝,名词指螺丝刀；
creative / creativity
创造性思维，老外最推崇这一点；
petty cash
出差或办事前，跟财务领取的备用金，这个词组很有用；
sign off
签发，可以指文件，也可以指正式认可某件事的开始执行；
stationary
文具，很有用的一个词；
这次介绍一些关于工作方面的东东，
asignment
任务，职责；
in charge / follow up / responsible for
这三个说法的意思都是“负责”，但用法不一样：
in charge 表示对一个部门，一项有一定重要性的事务负责，也可以对人，与权力相关，
follow up 表示具体跟进某事，与事情的重要性，与人，与权力无关，
responsible for 的程度介乎前两种表达之间；
credit
不是信用卡那个信用的意思，指员工在公司内积累的口碑，信任度和价值，“Good job, this will add your credit in the company.”这句话的意思是老板以后会更重视你，因为你这件事干得好。
reputation
名声，口碑，不论好坏；
lay off: 解雇；
extension: 分机，常简作:ext#
approach
报告，会议中常用此词，尽量达到的意思，中文确切表达此词有难度；
presentation
简报，一般用ppt来做；
scenario
这个词很有意思，原用于电子游戏的“关卡”的意思，公司内常用于指某个大项目的其中一个阶段，或其中一个部份；
proposal
未经确认通过的提议，待讨论的方案；
package
包裹，所谓“一揽子计划”就由此而来，比如你去某公司interview，最后让你提问，比较地道的说法是“What's the package?”问的是你们能给的待遇乱七八糟加起来有些什么？
harassment ：骚扰
headquarters ：总公司，总部
LO ：liaison office，当地国家的分部；
recognize ：认可，recgnized supplier， 指认可的供应商；
amotize ：分摊，“The expenses are to be amotized by the LOs.”由各分公司分摊费用；
on shifts ：轮班；
driver ：推动者，“The develpment will drive this case.”这个项目由开发部主导。
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外企office常用英语（三）
外企office电话英语
1. ABC corporation. May I help you?
ABC 公司, 我能帮你什么吗?
这句话算是制式的讲法. 一般接起电话的人通常会先报公司的名字 "ABC corporation", 然后再说, "May I help you?" 或是如果要更客气一点的话则可以说 "How can I help you?" (我该怎么帮你?), 因为这样的问法表示我‘该’怎么帮你, 而非我‘需不需要’帮你? 但基本上 "May I help you?" 跟 "How can I help you?" 都很常见就是了.
不过如果是机器接的电话, 则听到的多半是这样, "Thanks for calling ABC corporation, if you know your party's last name or extention, press 1. If you want to recieve information or publication, press 2. If you want to talk to the operator, press pound sign or remain on the line." (感谢你打电话到 ABC 来, 如果你知道你要找的人的姓或是分机号码, 请按 1, 如果是想要本公司的简介或出版品, 请按 2, 如果是要找总机, 请按 #, 或是请别挂断.
2. And you are?
你是?
如果人家打电话来是要找你的上司, "May I talk to your manager?" (我能不能跟你们经理讲话?) 这时你总不能糊里糊涂地就把电话拿给经理说, 说不定人家是打电话来跟你经理勒索一百万的呢! 所以通常我们一定要先确定打电话来的是谁. 最客气的问法是, "Whom I am speaking with?" 或是 "Whom am I talking to?" (我正在跟谁讲话呢?) 但是人家一听是像我这种小毛头打电话找他们经理, 他们就会用比较口语的说法, "And you are?" (你是?) 如果人家这样问我, 我就可以答, "This is Benlin."
像是 "And you are?" 这么口语的英文书上大概学不到, 但这却是老美天天在用的句子, 只怕你学了之后还不敢用. 其实真的不用怕. 越简单的句子老美越听得懂. 而且事实上 "And you are?" 这句话还有许多适用的场合, 例如在公司的接待处 (reception). 来访的客人如果说, "I'm looking for Mr. Wolf." (我要找伍夫先生) 接待小姐就可以反问他, "And you are?" (你是?) 所以像这种简单又好用的句子大家一定要记起来喔!
3. I'll put her on the phone. Just a second.
我会请她听电话, 请等一下.
Put someone on the phone 这个片语就是说请某人听电话. 例如你打电话找你女朋友, 结果女朋友的同事接了电话, 就开始跟你东扯西扯, 问你们昨天是不是吵架了啊? 什么时候要结婚啦, 这时如果你实在不想跟她讲了, 就可以说, "Could you please just put her on the phone?" (你能不能请她来听电话啊?) 反过来如果今天是你接到了电话, 结果要找的是别人, 你就可以说, "Ok. I'll put her on the phone. Just a second." (好, 我会请她听电话, 请稍等一下.)
上面讲的 put someone on the phone, 指的多半是只有一只电话时, 但如果像公司里有许多分机, 则用‘转接’ transfer 或是 redirect. 会比较恰当. 例如同样的情况你可以说, "I'm transferring your call." 或是 "I'm redirecting your call." (我帮你转接到分机给她.) 如果是接线生转接的话, 他们有时就只简单地说, "One moment, please." 或是, "OK. I'll put you through."
4. Would you mind holding for one minute?
你介不介意稍微等一分钟啊?
在美国如果有机会打电话给客户服务 (Customer Service)部门, 如果没意外的话都会听到以下的电话录音, "All of our representitives are currently busy serving their customers. Your call will be answered in approximate 5 minutes" (我们所有的客服人员都在忙着服务他们的顾客, 请等五分钟后, 就会有人接听你的电话), 然后十分钟过去了, "Please continue to hold, your call is very important to us." (请继续等候, 你的来电对我们非常重要). 所以大家要知道, 老美基本上对这种无止境的等待是深恶痛绝的. 所以要记得, 如果人家打电话来, 千万不要因为听不懂就说, "Hold on", 然后就跑去求救兵, 这对打电话来的人是十分不礼貌的.
如果万不得已一定要请他稍候, 我们要客气一点地说, "Would you mind holding for one minute?" 所以记得要给对方一个明确的时间, 例如 one second 或是 five minites 不要让对方无止境地等下去. 但是如果一分钟到了你还没忙完, 则最好再说一次, "Sorry, I am still on the phone. Could you hold for another minute?" (对不起, 我还在讲电话, 能不能再请你稍候一分钟.)
5. He's out for lunch. Would you like to try again an hour later?
他出去吃午餐了, 你要不要一小时后再打来?
受到中文的影响, 许多人要讲某人‘出去’吃午餐了常会说成, "He went out for lunch." 其实这个 went 是多余的, 通常老美只讲 be out for something 就行了. 如果要再简化一点, 单说, "He is on lunch." 或是 "He is on (lunch) break." (他正在休息时间.) 这样子也可以.
如果别人要找的人不在, 通常我们有二种选择, 第一种是请别人晚点再打来, 除了像例句用 try again/ call again 之外, 我们也可以用 call back/ try back 这样的讲法. 例如你可以建议别人, "Why don't you call back in 30 minutes?" (你何不 30 分钟后再打来呢?) 第二种选择就是请对方留言, 客气一点的讲法是, "May I take your message?" 或是 "Would you like to leave a message?" (你想留言吗?)
6. She is not here but you can call her machine.
她不在这里, 但是你可以打她的电话答录机.
老美管电话答录机叫 answering machine 或是也有少数人叫 answer machine. 但是在一般的对话中常常简称 machine. 例如 "You can call her machine." 就是说, 你可以打她的电话答录机留言. 或是你打电话给某人, 但你想他很可能不在, 这时你就可以说, "I'm expecting a machine." (我想会是电话答录机接的电话.) 如果是 "I want to check on my machine." 则是说我要检查电话答录机里的留言.
记得喔! 通常人家讲 someone's machine 时百分之九十九都是指电话答录机而言, 你可别傻傻地问人, "Answering machine?" 像六人行 (Friends) 里有一集 Chandler 说, "I got her machine." 结果 Joey 还呆呆地问他, "Her answering machine?" Chandler 就讽刺 Joey 的无知说, "No. interestingly enough, her leaf blower (machine) picked up the phone." (很有趣喔, 不是电话答录机喔! 而是她的吹落叶机接的电话.) 注: 美国的?叶都不是用扫的, 而是用吹的, 很神奇吧? 而 leaf blower 就是那种背在身上拿来吹落叶的机器啦!
7. I'm interested in your CRM software. Can you give me an quote?
我对你们的客户关系管理软体有兴趣, 能跟我报个价吗?
之前讲的都是别人打电话进来要怎么回答, 现在要讲的是如果你打电话给别的公司要怎么讲. 通常你会打电话给别的公司不外乎以下几种状况: 询价, 下订单, 追踪订单, 应征工作, 推销产品等等. 首先谈到询价. 如果只是要请对方大略地估个价钱, 你可以说, "Can you give me a quote?" 或 "Can you give me an estimate?" 但是提醒大家, 这个 quote 发 /kwot/ 的音, 记得要特别强调那个 /wo/ 的音, 不然老美会以为你在说 coat /kot/ 或是 court /kort/ 这个字. 这种情况就发生在我身上不只一次, 有一次拿车去修车厂估价, 我跟技工说, "Can you give me a quote?" 他却回答我, "You need a coat?" 扯了半天他才搞懂, 后来我才知道原来自己 quote 的音发错了. 所以最好的办法就是用 estimate, 这个字是绝对不会发错的.
另外, estimate 和 quote 也可以指‘报价单’而言, 例如你可以要求别人, "Can you send me a sample with an estimate ASAP?" (能不能请你尽快送一份样品和报价单给我?)
8. I'd like to place an order for a DL-1100 color printer.
我想要下一份 DL-1100 彩色印表机的订单.
以前每次为了买东西而打电话给人家, 我都直接说, "I want to buy this, I want to buy that." 当然啦! 要买东西的人最大, 不管你说什么别人都一定会想办法把东西卖给你的. 只是你如果直接说 buy 听来比较像是日常生活在说的对话. 如果像是公司要采购商品时, 最好正式一点用 order, 或是更完整一些说 place an order for, 例如 "I want to order a color printer." 或是, "I want to place an order for a color printer." 都是不错的用法.
9. I'm calling to check my order status.
我打电话来查看我订单的状况.
以前我因为不知道 check order status 这个用法, 常拉拉杂杂讲了一堆才能表达我的意思. 例如我可能会说, "I ordered something yesterday. Can you check if you've shipped it or not." 这句话听起来是不是蛮笨的? 后来我暗中观察, 同样的情况原来老美居然都简简单单地说 "I want to check my order status." 或是 "I want to track my order status." 就能完整地表达这句话的意思, 真是太神奇了.
这让我想到有一次在机场也是, 我想问柜台小姐我的朋友倒底坐哪一班飞机, 那班飞机有没有慢分, 他大概几点会到, 当我好不容易讲完这么长一串时, 柜台小姐居然只回了我一句, "You wanna check passenger status?" 差点没昏到, 原来我只要用 check passenger status 就行了喔?
10. I was referred to you by Mr. Gordon.
我是 Gordon 先生介绍我来的.
打电话到别人公司如果是有求于人的话,例如要去应征啦或是推销东西啦, 最好能先攀点关系啦! 例如最常用的招数, 我是某某人介绍来的, 就是 "I was referred to you by someone." (注意, 介绍在这里用 refer 而不是用 introduce.) 还有呢? 如果你今天拿到了该公司的折价卷, 则最好也是开宗明义地说, "I got your number from a coupon, which says your product is 50% off today." (我是根据你们折价卷上的号码打过来的, 它上面写着今天产品五折优待.) 这样子让他想赖都赖不掉. 总之呢? 先表明自已是怎么搭上这条线的, 这样子别人才不会有突兀的感觉啦
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外企office常用英语(二)
6. Shelly just called in sick.
Shelly 刚打电话来请病假.
Call in sick 是一个在办公室内常会用到的片语, 指的是有人打电话来说他生病了不能来上班. 有兴趣听老美讲这句话的人不妨去看 "What Women Want?" (男人百分百) 这部电影, 我记得他们就有用 "call in sick" 这个片语. 当然啦, 这种事想也知道一定有相当的比例是偷懒而不想来上班而已, 不然就是员工找借口集体罢工, 例如 "Some workers called in sick to have a strike." (有些工人藉由集体打电话请病假来罢工.)
那如果是正常的请病假 (sick leave/ medical leave) 要怎么讲? 你可以说, "I need a sick leave for two days." (我需要请两天病假.) 或是如果是因为老婆要分娩了, 想要请事假 (personal leave), 你可以说, "I'm asking for a three-day paid/unpaid personal leave for my wife's labor." (因为我老婆要生了, 我想要请三天假.) 至于这个假是扣不扣钱? (paid/unpaid) 就看公司的政策而定了.
7. I just heard that seven people are going be laid off next month.
我刚听到公司下个月要裁七位员工.
最近失业率不断上升, 我也就顺便来谈谈裁员的话题. 公司要裁员的讲法有许多种, 其中最常见的不外是 layoff 这个字 (如果分开来写: lay off 是动词, 但合起来写 layoff 则是名词) . 例如, "Cisco issues a profit warning, plans layoffs." (思科发布盈余警讯, 计划裁员.) 当然还可以用比较口语的讲法说, cut jobs 或是 slash jobs, 例如上一句我们也可以说, "Cisco plans to cut/slash jobs." (思科计划裁员.) 据路边马路消息说, 由于 layoff 最近在英语中的出现频率排名大幅成长, layoff 这个字将会被收录在最新的英文常用 3000 字汇当中. ^__^
要是真的不幸在美国被裁员了怎么办? 先记住两句话再说, 第一句是, "Whose decision was this?" (这是谁的决定.) 俗语说冤有头债有主, 先问清楚了是谁动你的, 将来要把汽车轮胎放气才知道要放哪一台. 另一句话就是, "I am between jobs." 这句话在找新工作时很好用. 人家问你现在在作什么, 你不要呆呆地说, "I just got laid off." 多难听啊! 你应该说, "I am between jobs." 我正好在两个工作间的空档. 听起来比较委婉 这可是之前刚被裁了员的好友 Joseph 教我的, 他就因为很会讲这句 "I am between jobs." 目前已经在德州休士顿找到新工作了. 
8. He suggested we should go to eat after my graveyard shift.
他建议说我们可以在我的大夜班之后一起去吃东西.
轮班这个字在英文里叫 shift, 例如三班制就叫 three shifts. 例如, "We have to work in three shifts to keep the company running." (我们必须轮三班制来保持工厂的运转.) 我想大家都知道三班制就是日夜, 小夜班和大夜班. 在英文里日班就是 day shift 或是 regular shift, 小夜班是 night shift. 那大夜班呢? 有一个很有趣的讲法, 叫 graveyard shift. 所以如果你要说明自己上的是大夜班, 就可以这样说, "I work on the graveyard shift."
至于为什么叫 graveyard shift 呢? 其中有一个广为流传的故事是这么说的, 在十九世纪时, 人们有时候会不小心把还活着的人当成死人埋掉. 为了避免这种悲剧发生, 所以他们在每个棺材里都装上电铃, 以便让这些意外醒来的‘尸体’能够按铃求救. 也因此必须另外安排一位仁兄晚上时在墓地 (graveyard) 里巡查, 以便有人按铃时能即时通知家属. 所以大夜班后来就以此得名, 成为了 graveyard shift. 至于你相不相信这种传说呢? 就看你自己了!
9. I am only a regular 9-to-5er.
我只是一个平凡的朝九晚五上班族.
我相信中文的‘朝九晚五’这个字应该就是从英文 9-to-5 这个字直接翻过来的吧? 由于上班族的工作时间多半都是很固定从早上九点到晚上五点, 所以才有 9-to-5 这个用法, 指的就是很一般上下班的工作. 记得有一次跟一个在社会上己经工作多年又回来念研究所的老美聊到他回学校念书的动机, 他就告诉我, "I don't want to work 9 to 5 for the rest of my life." (我不想一辈子都作朝九晚五的工作.) 另外像这种上班族也可以自称是一个 9-to-5er, 也就是指作这种朝九晚五工作的上班族. 但是像小笨霖我呢? 我就该自称是 10-to-3er 了. (我当然没那么认真凌晨三点回家, 而是下午三点就回家睡午觉了!)
10. I refuse to work overtime during the weekend.
我拒绝在周末时加班.
英文里加班叫 work overtime. 例如别人喊你今晚出去吃饭, 你说, "Sorry, I have to work overtime." 就是告诉他, 很抱歉, 我今晚要加班. 不过有趣的是, 除了‘加班’可以叫 overtime, 加班费也可以叫 overtime. 例如你可以大声地告诉老板, "You have to pay me overtime!" (你必须要付我加班费.) 不过现在时机歹歹, 我看还是小声讲就好了.
除了这个 pay overtime 之外, 老美也常用到另外两个字, 一个叫 double time, 另一个叫 time and one-half. Double time 指的是双倍的工资, 而 time and one-half 或是 time and a half 则是指一倍半的工资. 例如老板叫你作一些额外的工作, 你可以说, "If you pay me double time, I'll do it." (如果你付我双倍的工资, 我就去做.) 再造一句, "I like to work on holidays because I am on time and a half." (我喜欢在假日时工作, 因为这时的工资算一倍半.)
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外企office常用英语(一)
1. In the middle of something?
正在忙吗?
我知道有许多许多的人, 对于某一种概念学会了一种说法之后, 从此就只会用这种说法. 例如‘你在忙吗?’这个句子, 很多人在国中起就知道要说, "Are you busy?" 讲到了来美国留学三年, 他还是只会说 "Are you busy?". 其实有时候我们的眼界要放广一点, 对于同一个概念要有不同的变化. 就像是 "Are you busy?" 这句话, 其实老美也很常用 "In the middle of something?" , (但这句话比较接近于 "Are you busy right now?" 是问人家‘现在’是不是正在忙? "Are you busy?" 的含意比较广, 也可指‘最近’忙不忙?) 大家不要小看这么小小的变化, 如果你除了 "Are you busy?" 之外, 有时还懂得刻意去用 "In the middle of something?" 我相信你的的英文说出来就会跟别人不一样. 举个例子吧, 办公室里想找人八卦, 又怕人家正在忙, 这时你就可以问他, "In the middle of something?" (正在忙吗?)
记得在不久之前看过的一部黑人电影 Down to Earth 中也有 in the middle of something 这个用法, 只不过男主角是用这句话来提出一个论点, "The first kiss is always in the middle of something." 也就是说, 初吻总是发生在讲话讲到一半时, 或是当你们正在作其它的事情时, 通常是果不其然的. 他同时也觉得, "The first kiss is the only real kiss in your relationship." (只有初吻才是真正的吻), "The others are just protocols" (其它的都只是一种敷衍、虚应故事而已.)
2. What are you up to?
你正在作什么?
跟上面的例子一样, ‘你正在作什么啊?’这句话通常我们就只会说, "What are you doing?" 这样子不会很无聊吗? 其实有时我们可以换句话说. 例如: "What are you up to?" 同样也是问人家你正在作什么. 承上例, 假设你在办公室里, 你想找人八卦, 所以问同事, "In the middle of something?" 他回答, "Kind of." (算是吧.) 这时你就可以打破砂锅问到底, "What are you up to?" (那你最近在忙什么啊?) 另外有时候老美见面时也会问 "What are you up to?" 意思就是问你最近在作什么啊? 跟另一句问候语 "What's up?" 意思上很接近. 但是你要听对方的语气喔! 有时候 "What are you up to?" 指的虽然还是 "What are you doing?" 但它却是‘你在搞什么鬼啊?’的意思喔! 例如当你看到别人在乱翻你的东西, 你就可以责问他, "Hey, what are you up to?" 也就是骂他‘你在搞什么鬼啊?’. 或是像电影 Blow 里毒贩的老爸骂他的儿子, "I know what you are up to." (我知道你在干些什么勾当.) 以上这些例子里, "What are you up to?" 完全可以用 "What are you doing?" 来取代, 只不过因为我们在说话时要力求变化, 所以要多学几种不同的讲法.
其实 "What are you up to?" 还有许多其它的意思, 在此不一一列举, 不过还有一个比较常用的解释是, ‘进展的如何了?’例如朋友告诉你他正在写一部武侠小说, (就像我的 labmate 一样), 你就可以问他, "What are you up to?" (进展的如何了), 而他的回答可能是, "I am writing Chapter 3 now." 我现在正在写第三章呢.
3. Can you just give me a ballpark figure?
能不能给我一个大概的数字.
Ballpark 指的是专供球类比赛的公园, 特别是指大型的棒球场. 例如亚特兰大勇士队 (Atlanta Braves) 的主场, Turner Field 就是一个 ballpark. 那什么是 ballpark figure 呢? 通常在棒球比赛时不是都会报今天的观众人数, 例如是 49,132 人吗? 这个数字 49,132 就是 ballpark figure, 但这只是一个大约的估计数字而已, 所以 ballpark figure 的意思就是指大约的估计数字. 所以在公司里如果老板问会计, 上个月水电费总共多少钱? 之后再加上一句, "Just give me a ballpark figure." 意思就是我只要一个大略的数字就行了. 甚至有些老美懒到就只说 ballpark, 所以老板也有可能会说, "I'll need a ballpark of the revenue last year." (我需要去年的营收的大约数字.) 你就要自己知道这个 ballpark 是 ballpark figure 的意思.
其实很多像 ballpark 这种有点俚语的讲法, 你去问美国人, 我保证他们百分之九十九点九都知道 ballpark 的意思. 但是有很多外国人, 不管他们的英语再流利, 不管在美国住多久, 却还是常常会有听不懂的状况. 像小笨霖的指导教授是欧洲人, 但在美国也待超过十年了, 英语的流利自然是不在话下. 可是呢? 有一次我跟她说 "I can only give you a ballpark." 她却问我 ballpark 是什么意思. 我讲这个小故事给各位听的原因, 就是告诉你们拿这种俚语去跟美国人交谈, 通常是没问题的, 但是如果去跟英语同样也很流利的老印, ABC, 或是在美国住了很久的外国人, 则不保证他们能听得懂.
4. Bottom line: We have to turn into profit by 2002.
最重要的是: 我们必须在 2002 年前转亏为盈.
大家看过财务报表没? 上面是一大堆密密麻麻的数字, 告诉你公司的资产有多少, 折旧多少, 应收帐款多少. 但是这些都不是最重要的, 最重要的在最最下面那一行 (bottom line), 叫净赚 (Net earnings) 告诉你这家公司总共加起来到底是赚钱还是赔钱, (这其实才是最重要的, 不是吗?) 所以 bottom line 这个字后来就变成了有‘最重要的是...’的意思. 例如商场上有句名言, "In business, If you don't take care of your customers, somebody else will. And that is the bottom line." (如果你不关心你的顾客的话, 其它的人会, 这是最重要的原则. ) 另外 bottom line 也有‘最后的底限’,‘不能再退让的原则’的意思. 例如老板可以告诫员工, "Bottom line: We have to ship this order by Friday." (我最后的底限是, 我们必须在星期五前运交这批货. )
5. The new CFO was sent to bring the company out of the red.
这位新的财务长被派来把公司从赤字中拯救出来.
中国人喜欢红色, 所以股市大涨时盘面上都是红通通的一片. 不过欧美国家对红色的认知则大不相同, 红色就表示亏损, 赤字. 像之前提到的 bottom line 如果是用红笔写的, 那就是表示公司整体上来说是赔钱的. 相反的如果是用黑笔写的, 则表示是赚钱的. 所以我们常可以听到 in the red 或是 in the black 这样的讲法, 其实就是指公司赚不赚钱. 当然啦, 我们也可以用最简单的讲法, lose money 和 make money 或是形容词 unprofitable 和 profitable来表示赔钱或赚钱. 例如这家公司是赚钱的, 你可以说, "This company is in the black.", "The comapny is making money." 或是 "The company is profitable." 都可以.
讲到这个 profitable 让我不得不提醒大家 non-profit 这个字, 因为常常有人会搞错. Non-profit 这个字指的并不是说不赚钱的, 而是说‘非营利性质的’, 例如像消费者文教基金会我们就可以说他是一个 non-profit organization, 非营利机构, 这种组织就不是以赚钱为目的. 但 nonprofitable 的话则是指不赚钱的就等于 unprofitable 或是 non-profit-making.
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郑永年
中国的经验有很多，但从政治和经济发展的关系来说，主要可从如下五个方面来讨论。
不能说中国没有政治改革
首先，我不同意国际学术界和政策圈一直流行的所谓“中国只有经济改革而无政治改革”的看法。自改革开放以来，中国如果没有政治改革，很难想象经济发展成就是如何取得的，也很难解释当代中国政治和改革开放前的中国政治之间的巨大区别。关键在于如何定义政治改革。
在不同发展中国家，因为内部情况的不同，政治改革具有不同的内容。同时，即使在同一个国家，在经济社会发展的不同阶段，政治改革也会具有不同的内容。
如果光从“民主化”的角度来看类似于中国那样的发展中国家的政治改革，那么很多宝贵的内容就会轻易忽视。实际上，单单从民主化的角度来看发展中国家的政治，人们经常会得出悲观的结论，因为发展中国家的民主化改革往往反反复复，很少有一帆风顺的。
西方国家要求发展中国家进行民主化的改革是可以理解的，因为到目前为止，民主是一种能够帮助人们实现自我价值的最有效的制度。但大多数发展中国家面临的不仅仅是民主化的问题，更重要的是基本国家制度建设问题。西方社会经过数百年的发展确立了一套行之有效的、完备的现代国家制度，但多数发展中国家显然还没有建立起这样一套制度。对发展中国家来说，首要的任务就是基本国家制度建设。从很多发展中国家的经验来看，民主化并不能够帮助它们建立现代国家制度，但现代国家制度建立以后，民主化则是有可能的。
国家制度建设就是中国过去将近30年的政治改革的核心。中国领导层一直强调的机构改革就属于这个范畴。民主化是中国政治改革的其中一个目标，但不是唯一的目标。
除了民主化，中国还有其他很多同样重要的目标，如经济发展和社会转型等。经济、社会和政治等方面的多重转型往往给发展中国家的领导人带来莫大的压力。
消解压力靠渐进和有序
在一些国家，政府面对多重压力无能为力。在中国，多重压力主要是通过两个方法来应付和消解的。
其一，是改革的渐进性。渐进改革表明改革并非革命。中国没有采取前苏联和东欧国家的急进改革方法，而坚持改革的渐进性。改革的渐进性使得中国有时间和空间来不断调整政治体制以适应不断变化中的经济和社会。其次，中国把改革分成不同的阶段，在每一阶段，各方面的改革优先次序不同。
简单地说，从上世纪七十年代末到本世纪初，中国改革的主轴就是经济改革。但这并不是说就没有政治改革和社会改革了，而是说在经济改革是主导地位的这个阶段，政治改革和社会改革是辅助性的。
没有各种辅助性的政治改革和社会改革，经济改革就很难进行。自中共十六大以来，中国已经进入了一个以社会改革为主体的改革阶段。社会改革的焦点包括社会保障、医疗卫生、教育等等方面。
社会改革一方面是为了消化由经济改革带来的负面效应，另一方面也是为了给进一步的经济改革营造一个更好的社会基础。当然，没有政治改革，社会改革也难以发生和发展。
有序的社会改革还是要以政治改革来保障的。中国还没有进入一个以政治改革为主体的改革阶段。这个阶段什么时候来就取决于社会改革和进一步经济改革的进展情况，但这个阶段一定会到来。
第二，经济发展需要一个最低限度的社会政治秩序。没有这个秩序，正常的经济活动就很难进行。这个命题是哈佛大学教授亨廷顿在几十年前出版的《变革中社会政治秩序》中的一个主要观点。
这个观点在今天的全球化时代还是适用。全球化时代的一个残酷的现实是：如果一个国家处于封闭状态，那么很难得到发展。
国际资本已经成为很多发展中国家的发展动力。如果不开放，国际资本就不会进来。但光开放还不够，还需要秩序。秩序是资本和商业活动的基本条件，尤其对国际资本更是这样。
实际上，如亚洲金融危机时期的印尼的经验所表明的，一旦失去基本的政治社会秩序，原有的发展成果也会很快付诸东流。前苏联的经验也在很大程度上说明了这一点。
在中国，自改革开放以来，尽管也有各种不同形式的社会运动或者群体事件，但政府保证了基本社会政治秩序。自邓小平1992年南巡以来，中国在吸收外资方面一直是在发展中国家中间领先，这应当和中国的社会秩序有关。
很难想象在社会失去秩序的情况下，外资还会源源不断地进入中国。
(二之一）
?作者是英国诺丁汉大学中国研究所教授、研究主任
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（综合电）中国机场自5月1日实施不得携带逾100毫升液体上飞机的规定以来，不断有乘客闹出笑话。5名前往新加坡的阿伯阿婆竟然当场一齐喝掉装浓缩蜜糖；另一名旅客舍不得丢弃无法带上机的润肤露，当场涂满全身。
白云机场前日有5名年约六旬的长者，准备搭飞机到新加坡旅游，因在通过机场的安检柜台时，被发现随身携带、用矿泉水瓶盛载的蜜糖超过100毫升限量，不准带上机。该批阿公阿婆因舍不得丢弃，排成一行，一人一瓶不加水直接灌进喉咙。
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（综合电）“这个女人偷人啦！”中国又发生滥用私刑，押人游街示众的事件！
湖南湘乡市一名女医生，姓周，怀疑丈夫和一名有夫之妇有染，竟不顾法律，率领数名男子，一边放鞭炮，一边叫嚣吆喝，将被指是“第三者”的女子，押上街头，游街示众。
令人错愕的是，街坊、受害人的丈夫，几乎一面倒支持该名女医生的违法行为。街坊说：“她（第三者）做出丑事，破坏人家家庭在先，人家抓住她游街，我们还有什么话说！”受害人的丈夫说：“我不怪女医生，要怪只怪我的老婆。”
公安后来介入，警告周女，游街示众，侮辱别人人格是犯法的。周女最后向王女道歉，并赔偿其经济损失。
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明报消息，慈母多败儿？德国一名母亲明知儿子往打劫珠宝店，仍亲自驾车接送他，替对方把风，以确保爱儿平安无事。
36岁「慈母」兰格在法庭供称：「他决心要打劫，我无法劝阻他，唯有亲自驾车接送，确保能一直看着他，我实在很担心。」
育有5名子女的兰格透露，一天与18岁儿子马塞尔逛街，对方要求代买绳索及一大卷粗胶纸，但强调购买时不可遗下任何指纹。她说：「当他说要打劫时，我实在无法相信，但由于太担心，故决定随他一起去。」
兰格承认驾车载马塞尔往珠宝店，并为他充当「天文台」，结果马塞尔与两名同党劫走价值约40万的珠宝首饰，还用刀刺伤38岁店东。但因打劫时误触警钟，4人最终被捕。
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1．阅读时，如何才能迅速、准确地抓住文章的要旨？
答：一、要理解文章的中心意思。（看题目、页头标题）二、快速测览全文。就是说每一面用眼睛扫一遍，弄清每段的大概意思。三、逐段地略读全文。即按顺序阅读各段落，重点放在动词上，抓住每一段的论题。弄懂文章的主旨后就可开始详细阅读。注意论点之间的联系方式。四、把自己认为理解了的东西简捷地记下来。
2．快速阅读有何诀窍？
答：必须记住：如果你不能理解也不能记住你所读过的文章内容，那么如何快速也是毫无意义的。在读外语时，有许多使我们减慢阅读速度的因素：比如，文章主题的难度；有难以理解的词或者句法结构复杂的句子。掌握快速阅读的精髓是如何去忽略那些多余的信息，而记住那些重要的信息。虽然如此，你的阅读方式和速度仍然会因为文章的性质和你阅读的动机而不同。
3．老师都经常强调语法的重要性。我其实对句子结构很清楚，但我却进步很小。有什么建议吗？
答：纯粹为学习语法而学习语法是毫无意义的。对交流来说，语法只是一种不可或缺的辅助系统，因为我们在学习外语中所遇到的大多问题可在语法中寻求答案。例如，什么时候用some或者any，什么时候用a/an或the，等等。要理解较难的句子，我们必须掌握每个句的句法：就是说，每个句子是怎么组成的。
4．如果不先把英语文章翻译成中文，我就看不懂。请告诉我在阅读英语书时如何抛掉中文的概念？
答：问题在于你在阅读过程中不是完全用英语思维。如果你要自在地阅读外语，且无须翻译成自己的母语，那么你所读的文章的水平应该比你目前的课程水平至少低一级。这就是说，你应该读那些对你来说比较容易的书。如果你照这样做，你就可以用英语阅读和思考，不用翻译成中文，而且可以建立起自信，从而提高自己的水平。
5．阅读时我常学到一些生词，但很容易忘。我怎样才能把它们记牢？
答：要记住，有两种词汇：接受型词汇和表达型词汇。接受型词汇是指你能认识和理解但不一定会应用的词汇。表达型词汇是指那些你知道并能自如应用的词汇。你的接受型词汇比表达型词汇要大得多，母语如此，英语也如此。所以你说不能轻松地记住生词，这没有关系。这些生词可能已被你接受型地掌握了。也就是说，你再碰到它们的时候，能认识和理解，但你也许不知道如何使用。这说明你用不着去记你所见到的每一个生词。从接受型词汇向表达型词汇转化的一个途径是通过在不同的语境下的多次接触来实现的。尽量多地阅读能有助于你巩固已掌握的词汇，并能增加你的词汇量。但一个新的单词，你只有掌握了如何使用，才能算“完全是你的”。在讲话和写作中应用词汇将使你增进对英语的有效掌握。
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现在的社会，不论是哪个公司，总爱称呼别人什么“总”，在英语中各种“总”可有不同的词啊，要掌握，可不要叫错哦……
1．用chief或-in-chief
Chief Accountant总会计师
Chief Architect总建筑师
Chief Designer总设计师
Chief Editor；Editor-in-Chief总编辑
Chief Engineer；Engineer-in-Chief总工程师
Chief of General Affairs总务主任
Chief of the General Staff总参谋长
Commander-in-Chief总司令
2．用general或-general
General Accountant总会计师
General Agent总代理商
General Consul总领事
General Designer总设计师
General Dispatch Officer总调度员
General Manager总经理
General Secretary；Secretary-General总书记；总干事
General Store Supervisor总务管理员
Auditor-General总稽查
Consul-General总领事
Director-General总干事
3．用专门的词来表示
Chairman；President总裁
Controller总监；总管
Dean of General Affairs总务长
Governor总督
Head Clerk总管（商家）
President总统
Prime Minister；Premier总理
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每个人都会根据自己的学习特点采取不同的学习方式，下面给大家推荐几种不同的背诵方法。
方法（一）
（1）明确目的，集中精力
背诵一篇课文或者一段必须掌握的语句，最忌东张西望，漫不经心，注意力分散。如果是一篇很简单的文字，背了几天后仍老出错，这肯定是用心不专的缘故。至于出现“前记后忘”的现象，则是正常的，这时千万不要向这种暂时困难屈服而打退堂鼓。
（2）确定任务，寻找窍门
背诵一篇短文，仅仅读几遍是行不通的，一定要熟读到滚瓜烂熟的程度才行。开始时可短一些，容易一些，然后作一定幅度的调整。此外，背诵时还要讲究一定的技巧，熟读课文内容，理解课文大意，不仅不会记错和混淆，而且记住的数量也会越来越多。
（3）坚持复背，及时检查
复习背诵的时间用得越多，记住的效果就越佳。例如，早晨背诵过的课文或知识，晚上睡前以及第二天起床后，应进行一次复背，并在每周六或周日再作适当的温习背诵，以后过一个月再复背一次。这样，可保证很长一段时期不会遗忘。
（4）加强默写，强化训练
所谓“眼过千遍，不如手抄一遍”。采取默写手段，可有效地巩固已经背诵了的课文和知识，而且对加深记忆大有好处。因为文字本身就是一种图形和符号，经常默写可帮助我们促进右脑的开发。如果能切实做到循序渐进，长期进行默写训练，那么一定会有助于背诵的质量和效果。
方法（二）
（1）反复阅读与再现相结合
单纯地反复阅读效果并不好，学习者应该在文章还没有完全记住前积极进行尝试再现，回忆不起来时再阅读。这样容易记住，而且保持时间也长。特别生疏的语句，注意多尝试再现几次。因为尝试再现是一种比阅读更积极的智力活动，又是一种自我检查的过程，使人更能集中精力，掌握识记内容的重点、难点，并及时改正记忆中的错误。
（2）试背
背诵过程中，如果出现“卡壳”，应该进行追忆。追忆是有意和间接再现的形式，它需要付出很大的意志力，克服一定的困难，多方面寻找线索，进行积极灵活的思维。因此，不能一“卡壳”，就立即停止背诵。
（3）熟背
文章通过理解消化，已纳入自己的知识系统，语句通过熟读试背，也已朗朗上口，如果再反复朗读几遍，就能流利地背诵下来。检查方式，除了个人和集体背诵外，还有对背，即两人面对面同时背诵，因为有对方干扰，可锻炼学生记忆的深刻性和正确性；提背，即打哪提，从哪背，提到哪，背到哪，可锻炼学生记忆的准确性。
（4）默写
这也是运用内部语言背诵的一种形式，既用脑，又动手，可加深对文章的记忆。一篇文章，就这样一段一段地把它“吃掉”。最后，遵循“整体→部分→整体”的原则，按照背诵各段的方法，再把全篇串联起来，进行背诵。
另外，为了使所背诵的内容长久地保持在头脑中，以便在实践中及时提取应用，学习者还应注意两点：一是遵循遗忘规律，合理安排复习。既要有天天背诵检查，又要每周集中安排一次背诵检查。不断强化记忆痕迹，避免其减弱或消退。二是根据识记程度对遗忘进程的影响，注意安排过度学习。实验表明，过度学习的效果优于适度学习的效果。所谓适度学习是指在识记材料刚刚达到背诵程度就中止的学习。而过度学习是指对识记材料达到背诵之后还继续进行学习。
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第一天，背第一课10遍。
第二天，背第二课10遍，复习第一课5遍。
第三天，背第三课10遍，复习第二课5遍。复习第一课5遍。
第四天，背第四课10遍，复习第三课5遍，复习第二课5遍。复习第一课2遍。
第五天，背第五课10遍，复习第四课5遍，复习第三课5遍。复习第二课2遍。
。。。
第六十天，背第六十课10遍，复习第59课5遍，复习第58课5遍。复习第57课2遍。
以上，每天2个半小时左右。
第六十一天，复习第一单元20课。
第六十二、三天，复习第二单元20课。
第六十四、五、六天，复习第三单元20课。
再加上当中可能出现的意外，多算10天吧。七十五天可以把新三背到“不忘”的程度。英文会有一个飞跃。
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agree vi.同意;持相同意见I cannot agree with you on this point.在这一点上,我不能同意你的意见。
sb agree with sb 同意某人的话,意见
sth agree with sb 某物,某事适应某人 agree to sb 建议 agree on sth 在某一点上取得一致意见
agree up sth 在某一点上取得一致意见 agree to do sth 同意干某事
break vt.打破;损坏;破坏 We should all take a little break before dessert. 吃甜点之前我们大家应该稍微休息一下。 break down 机器坏了=go wrong 身体垮了/终止谈话 11) I had never seen a grown man break down and cry. 我从未曾看到过一个这么强壮的汉子痛哭失声。
break in 闯入,插话 break off 忽然停止讲话/断绝,结束/暂停工作,休息
break out (战争等)爆发;逃出(无被动式) break through 打破包围
break up 驱散,学校的放学 The police had to employ force to break up the crowd.警察不得不使用武力驱散人群。 break away from 脱离,逃说,与...断绝来往/改变某种习惯
bring vt.拿来;带来;取来 I'll bring some of my pictures into the gallery. 我就带一些我的摄影到艺廊来。 bring about =cause, result in, lead to bring down 使倒下,使下降 bring force 使产生,引起
bring forward 提出建议=put forward/提前
bring in =get in the pops/使得到某种收入 Mr. Li: Oh… would you kindly allow me to bring in h… would you kindly allow me to bring in the civet durian? It is the favorite of my sister.李先生：喔…您能允许我带些榴莲吗？它是我姐姐最喜欢的水果。 bring back to one's mind 使回想起
bring up sb 抚养某人 bring up sth 提出 bring up 呕吐 bring to an end 结束=come to an end
call vt.叫喊;打电话给… I'll call the roll before class. 课前我要点名。
call on sb 拜访,号召 call at 访问(某人的家);(火车、船)停靠
call for 需要 And there's a phone call for you, Mr. Bennett. Bennett先生 有你的电话。
call for sb 去接某人一起去做某事 call off 取消(计划,比赛)
call out (call out+to sb.)大声地叫 call up sb 打电话
call in 请进来 We'll call in a couple of days. 我们两三天後打电话。
carry vt.携带;运载;传送 Another generation to carry on the Stewart name. 这是承继Stewart家族香火的新一代。
carry out 进行到底,贯彻执行 4) Tomorrow, Sandra will carry out the garbage. 明天珊多拉将会收拾垃圾的。 carry out 是成就、完成的惯用语,但在此地,一看便知并非这种意思。可把它想象做从厨房把 garbage 运到外面去。
carry on 进行下去,坚持下去 Another generation to carry on the Stewart name. 这是承继Stewart家族香火的新一代。 carry away 拿走,入迷,被...吸引 carry forward 推进,发扬(精神)
carry off 抢走,夺走/获得奖品 carry through 进行到底,完成计划 carry sb through 使...渡过难关
catch vt.捉;抓住 vi.接住 We didn't catch anything. 我们什么也没有钓著。
catch up 赶上 33. He shut himself away for a month to catch up on his academic work.他与世隔绝一个月,力图把功课赶上去。
catch on 勾住,绊倒 catch at 想抓住 A drowning man will catch at a straw. 溺水者见草也要抓;急何能择。 be caught in the rain 被雨淋 catch up with 赶上某人,补上工作
clear a.清澈[晰]的 vt.清除 It is said it will clear up tonight. 天气预报说今晚雨就会停。
clear up (天气)转晴,澄清事实,整理收拾 It is said it will clear up tonight. 天气预报说今晚雨就会停。
clear away 清除掉,去掉,消散 clear off 消除(积雪)等障碍,把...拆掉,擦掉,清除
come vi.到来; 变得; 到达 May I come in? 我能进来吗？
come across 偶然发现,偶然遇到
come on 快点(口),开始,到来,举行,走吧,一起去 Oh, come on now. 噢 别这样了。
come at 向...扑过来,向...袭击 7. We may come at another time.我们可以另找个时间来。
come down 倒下,(温度,价格)下降,病倒 come forward 涌现,主动地响应要求做某事
come in 进来,上市 And have you had an engineer come in to do an inspection? 你们可有一个工程师来做过检查吗
come from 来自于 I come from Japan. 我来自日本。 come out 出来,出发,结果 Did Mitchell Johnson's review come out yet? Mitchell Johnson的评论出来了没有 ?
come to 苏醒,总共,达到,得到谅解 When will he come to see you? 他什么时候来看你？
come up sb 走进 come up 种子生长发育,被提出 and I'll come up with something. 我会想出个办法的。
come to one's rescuers 帮助
come true 实现 I know, but it's still a dream come true. 我知道 但这终究是一个梦想实现了。
cut v.割,切,削减,切断 they cut patches 剪下布块
cut sth in half 把...砍成两半 cut away 切除 He cut away a dead branch.他砍掉一根枯干的树枝。
cut through 走近路,剌穿 cut down 砍倒,减少,压缩(开支)
cut off 切断(关系,来往）,中止(电话,思维) 3. He was cut off from his fellows.他和同伴失去联系。
cut out 删掉/改掉(恶习),停止 in a short cut 诀窍
do v.aux.助动词(无词意) What do you call this in English? 这个用英语怎么说？
do with 涉及到 What are you going to do with the books? 你打算拿这些书怎么办？
do up one's hair 盘起长发 do up sth 包/捆起来 do out 打扫,收拾
do away with =get rid of 废除,去掉,取消
die vi.死亡; 枯死; 熄灭 I will die before I'll eat that carrot. 如果要我吃胡萝卜,我宁愿去死。
dir from 因饥渴,战争,被污染的意外死亡 die off 因年老,疾病而死亡
die away 声音变弱,渐渐消失/停息,消失 die down 慢慢地熄灭(风,火)
die out 熄灭,变弱,消失,灭绝(动物)
fall vi.落下;跌倒;陷落 to fall 坠下,掉下
fall a sleep 去睡觉=go to sleep fall ill 病了 335. Be careful not to fall ill． 注意不要生病了。
fall across 遇见(偶然) fall back 后退,后撤 fall behind 落后,跟不上
fall in 集合/陷入 29. The necessary outcome of a war is a fall in production.战争带来的必然结果就是生产力下降。
fall into 陷入+名词 A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑,长一智。
fall off 减少,从...摔下来 to fall off a bench 从长椅上掉下来 fall on 看到,落在...上面
fall short of 缺乏 fall out of 放弃
get vi.变得,成为;到达 When do you get up everyday? 每天你几点起床？
get about 到处走,消息的传开 Don't forget about the bet. 别忘了打赌的事。
get across 穿过,讲清楚使人了解,领会The children began to get across at each other. 孩子们开始争吵了。 get away 逃掉,离开,摆脱 1. I hope to get away early in the morning.我希望一早就动身离开。
get down 从…下来,写下来,记下来,病了/使某人不安 It's time to get down to business now. 是进入正题的时候啦。
get along with sth 进展得 get along with sb 相处
get in 进去,进站,收进来,收帐 Yeah. Yeah. Let's get in our lines. 是啊 是啊。请排好位置。
get off 离开,下车 You can take the bus and get off at the second stop. 你可以坐公共汽车第二站下。
get on 上车 157. Don't get on my nerves!（不要搅得我心烦。）
get out 拔出,传开 I need to get out more. 我需要多出门去。
get over 克服(困难),从病中恢复过来,不接from Yes, I know, but he'll get over it. 是的 我知道 过一下就会好的。 get around =spread 传开
get through 完成,通过,用完,从人群中通过,接通电话 11. It took us only a few minutes to get through the Customs.我们的海关检查只花了几分钟时间。
get to 到达,抓住问题的要害,本质 Excuse me, how can I get to the bus station? 对不起,汽车站怎么走？ get together 聚会,联欢 92. Let's get together one of these days.（找一天聚聚。）
get in a word 策划 get into trouble 陷入 get rid off 摆脱,去掉
give vt.给出,赋予,发生 If you have more, please give me some. 如果你有多的,请给我。
give away 分发,赠送,颁发,背叛,出卖,暴露 give in 屈服
give off 放出(气体,光) 15) Those flowers look pretty but don't give off a nice smell. 这些花看似漂亮,但是气味并不好。
give out 使人筋疲力尽 7) Some restaurants give out an odor that reaches to the street. 一些餐厅里面的气味飘到了街上。 odor 是指比 scent 更浓更清楚的味道。
give up 放弃,停止做某事 455. He resolved to give up smoking． 他决心戒烟。
give over 让位于=give way to被取代 give away to 被取代 give rise to 引起,导致From mutual understanding, a comfortable situation has been creation. 由于彼此的了解,因而建立了愉快的关系。create 除了“创造”以外,还有“give rise to, cause”的意思。
go vi.离开; 移动; 运行 I have to go now. 我必须走了。
go bad 变坏;变酸;腐败 go red 变红 go hungry 挨饿 go wrong 出错;发生故障
go about 随便走/进行 33. Could you please inform me how to go about contacting a lawyer?请您告诉我怎样去联络律师？
go after 追赶 go ahead 说吧,走吧,做吧(口语),走在前面 Good.now we can go ahead and write up the order. 好极了,现在我们可以准备下单了。 go at 从事于
go beyond 超出 It can go beyond the school system, Ellen. 这可以推广到学校体制以外 Ellen。
go by =pass 经过,过去 76. He let a week go by before answering the letter.他一周以后才回信。
go down 下降 I'll go down to Henry's grocery. He's always open. 我到亨利杂货店去。那里总是开门营业的 go into 进入 Yes, you're right. After all, she is smart enough to go into business.是啊,你说的对。毕竟,她完全有经商才智。 go off 消失,腐败,坏的
go out (火)熄灭,过时了,罢工 Why not go out for a walk? 干吗不出去散步？
go over 复习,检查 to go over to the construction site with me? 去看一看建筑工地吗
go through 审阅/经历了(痛苦,困难),完成 Would you like to go through our factory some time? 什么时候来看看我们的工厂吧？
go up 提高,上涨(价格) I can go up to the lodge for some hot dogs and drinks. 我可以到那边小屋去弄些热狗和饮料来。rise up 起来反抗 He that lies down (sleeps) with dogs must rise up with fleas. 与恶人交终会变恶;近朱者赤,近墨者黑。
go around 分配,传播,传开 OK, let's go around the table. 好 让我们顺著桌子来。
go all out to do sth 全力以赴去做某事
go back to 追溯到… I'll work for 5 years and then go back to school. 我会工作五年,然后会学校。
go with 相配=match=go along with They had excepted me to go with them. 他们原本希望我和他们一起去。 go well with 协调 Salesgirl: Sure. We have both skirts and trousers that would go well with the sweater. Look to this section.女店员：当然。我们有裙子和长裤都可以配那件毛衣。看看这边。
go too far 太过分了,走太远了
hold vt.怀有,持有(见解等) No, the restaurant will hold our table. 不会 餐厅会保留我们的席位。
hold up 主持,耽搁,延误,继续下去,拿起
hold back 阻挡,忍住,保留,隐瞒 hold down 控制,镇压=put down
hold off 延误,保持距离,使"疏远"
hold on 坚持下去,停止,别挂(电话) He gave them to me to hold on to them 他给我戒指 要我自己保管
hold out 坚持到胜利,支持,维持,伸出 hold to 坚持某个看法（路线）,紧紧地抓住 OK, hold to the right. 好 在右边停住。
hunt vt.追猎;追赶 vi.打猎 He that will have a hare to breakfast must hunt overnight. 早餐想吃野兔肉,头晚就须去捕捉。 hunt for 寻找 hunt out 找出来 hunt throw 翻找
keep vt.保存,保持;留住 We keep in touch with each other by Email since he left China. 他离开中国以后,我们用Email保持联系。
keep to 坚持某种习惯,遵循,靠(左右) 8. In England traffic must keep to the left.在英国,车辆必须靠左行驶。 keep back 留在后面,阻止,忍住 keep down 控制,下降,缩减开支
keep off 避开,远离,让开 keep out 使其等在外面,不让进入
keep up 保持,维持,鼓足勇气 keep sb from doing 阻止某人做某事
keep sth from sb 把某事瞒着某人 keep up with 跟上
knock vi.&vt.&n.敲,击,打 174. Why don't you knock it off? 为什么不把它关掉？
knock into sb 撞到某人身上;偶然遇到 knock sth down 降低价格,拆除,缩减开支
knock off 下班,停工,很快地写出文章 knock sb up 匆匆做饭,敲门把某人叫醒,使某人疲倦
knock at 敲(门) 6.Yhere was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.（有人敲门,那是那天晚上打扰我的第二个。） knock sb up 把某人叫醒
know vt.知道;认识;通晓 Do you know where I've put my glasses? 你知道我把眼镜搁哪儿了吗？
know about 了解,知道情况 How much do you know about the works of George Eliot? 乔治?艾略特的作品你知道多少？ know of 听说,知道为什么 be know for sth 以...出名 as known to all 众所周知
lay vt.放,安排,铺设,覆盖 and lay them face down. 将牌盖住。
lay aside 放在…一边,积蓄 lay down 放下,制定计划 lay emphasis on sth 强调
lay down one's life for 为...献出生命 lay out 布置;设计 lay off 解雇
leave v.离开，留下
leave alone 不要管(某人),不要碰(某物)
leave behind 遗留,遗志 leave off (使)停止;中断
leave out 删掉,漏掉 leave over 剩下的,暂时不去解决的
lay in 积蓄,储蓄 36. We have to play inside because it is raining.因为天下雨,我们不得不在屋里玩。
let vt.容许,使得,假设 Rose, let me introduce my friend to you. 罗斯,让我介绍一下我的朋友。
let alone 不要管,不碰,更不用说 let down 放下(窗帘),失望
let off 燃放鞭炮,放掉蒸汽,放过某人 let out 放掉气,发出响声,泄露
look v.看,期待 n.外观,神色 Yes, but you look as pretty now, as you did then. 但你看起来还是那么漂亮。 look after 照料 61. It's very noble of you to look after my old grandmother when I was out for business.你心地真好,在我出差期间照顾我年迈的外婆。
look at 看 May I have a look at the watch? 我能看看这块表吗？ look back 回顾
look in 顺便来访=drop in I don't know. You may look in the TV Guide. 我不知道,你可以看看《电视报》。 look into sth 调查,了解某事,浏览(书报) look on as 把...看作... look out 小心,当心,向外看
look around 到处看 Well ... you mind if I look around 嗯……你们不介意我到处瞧瞧
look over 审阅,翻阅 Yes, so we had better look over your specifications. 是的,所以我们最好先把您的规格说明细看一遍。look through 浏览,仔细地检查 look to 负责,留意 The more women look in their glass,the less they look to their house. 妇女照镜越多,照管家务就越少。
look up (从词典中)找出,天气转变,物价上涨,仰视 to look up 仰视 look up to sb 尊敬某人
look down on sb 轻视某人 look down upon sb 轻视某人
look forward 期待 I look forward to seeing you and Harry and Michelle. 我等著见 Harry和Michelle。
make n.(产品)来源 vt.制造 It's really hard to make a decision. 挺难做决定的。
make for 有助于,向…走过去 make out 辩认出,理解,开(写)支票,假装
make up 构成 I am old enough to make up my own mind. 我已经长大了,可以自己拿主意了。
make up for 补偿 make up of 由...组成 make phone of 嘲笑,和某人开玩笑
make the best of 充分利用 make certain 弄清楚
make up one's mind 决定,下决心 make up one's minds 决心,下决心
make tea 泡茶 801. She intends to make teaching her profession.她想以教书为职业。
make coffee 冲咖啡 make off 逃跑,匆匆离开
open a.开的;开放的 vt.开 Does the shop open at 9 am on weekdays? 这家店平日是早上9点开门吗？
open to the public 向公众开放The town gardens are open to the public from sunrise to the sunset daily.市立公园每天从早到晚对公众开放。
open traffic 通车 open into 门打开后通向 open to 道路通向 The road bridge is now open to traffic.这座公路桥现在开放通行。 open up 开垦 open fire on sb. 向某人开火 open out 打开,转开
pass v.通过 n.经过;通行证 Even if you take the exam again, you won't pass it. 就算再考一次你也通不过。 pass away 消磨(时间) to pass away 去世,死（委婉的说法）
pass by 从某人身边经过,过去 304. Don't let chances pass by． 不要让机遇从我们身边溜走。
pass off 消失,顺利地进行 pass for 冒充,假扮 pass on 传下去
pass through 经历 We don't like them to pass through here. 我们不希望汽车通过这里。
pick n.风镐;牙签 v.凿;摘 ;挑选I pick up my sister from her school. 我到学校接妹妹。
pick out 挑选,认出(某人),领会
pick up 捡起来,中途把某人装上车,恢复健康 I pick up my sister from her school. 我到学校接妹妹。
pull v.拖,拔, 扯 n.牵引 to pull a trailer 拖汽车房屋（电影中经常见到）
pull down 拆掉,推掉,使身体虚弱,使价格降低 pull off 脱衣帽 pull off a plan 实现计划
pull out 拔出,离开,度过难关,恢复健康 to pull out of the garage 从车库开车出来
pull throw 渡过难关,使从病中恢复过来 pull up 车子停下,拔起(树、草)
put v.放;移动;使穿过;写 Do you know where I've put my glasses? 你知道我把眼镜搁哪儿了吗？
put away 放下,收起来,把…放在原位 595. He has a nice sum of money put away． 他存了一大笔钱。
put aside 把放在...留出(时间),备用
put back 放在原处,推迟,延期 52. When the others had gone, Mary remained and put back the furniture.当其他人走了之后,玛丽留下来,将家具放回原处。
put down 镇压,写下来 He put down his glass.他放下杯子。 put forward 提出,提前,提供
put in 提交,申请(+for) All is not gain that is put in the purse. 装进钱包里的不一定都是正当的收入。
put off 推迟,延期,打消,关上 71. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.今日事今日毕。
put on 穿上,上演 put on a bit of makeup. 我化一点妆。 put through 接通电话
put out 扑灭,关灯,生产,出版 Far water does not put out near fire.远水救不了近火。
put up 张贴,留某人过夜,建造 if we can put up some collateral. 如果我们能提供担保物的话
put into production 把...投入生产 put into use 投入使用 put one's heart into 全心全意投入
run v.(使)跑 n.赛跑;路线 He can run as fast as Jim. 他跑的和吉姆一样快。
run across 穿过(跪道),偶然遇到 run after 追赶 to run after the gentleman 追求绅士
run away 逃走,失去控制 to run away from his sister 从他姐姐那儿逃走（发生了什么事情？）
run down 身体虚弱,电用完了 run into sb 碰到某人
run for 竞选 Why shouldn't you run for what, Mom? 为什么 不该竞选什么 妈妈
run out 用完 Well, I suppose I've run out of excuses. 噢 我想我再也找不出籍口了。
run over 匆匆浏览 run through 穿过,匆匆看一下,做完 Let's just run through the arguments for and against. 我们来看一下赞成和反对的理由。
run a risk of =at the risk of 冒...险 run a fever 发烧 run short of 缺乏
see vt.看见;遇见;看出 Hello. Can I see Mr. Green? 你好,我能见格林先生吗？
see sb off 为某人送行,解雇 see into sth 调查,了解某事
see about 负责处理 5. I'll have to see about that.这事儿我得想一想再定。
see through 看穿某人 see sth through 进行到底 see to get that 务必要
send vt. vi.送,寄发;派遣 To make it fast, you can send a fax. 要想快点的话就发个传真。
send for 派某人去请,去叫某人 send off 发出,寄出
send sb off =see sb. off 为某人送行,解雇 send out 发出,发射 send in 交上去,递送
send on 转交 I can send one for you to try. 我们可以寄个给你试用。
set vi.(日,月)落,vt.放 We are going upstairs to set up Grandpa's room. 我们要上楼收拾一下爷爷的房间。 set about sth 着手做某事 set about doing sth 着手做某事 set out 出发,开始做某事,陈述 24. After several delays, he finally set out at 8 o'clock.几经耽搁,他终于在八点钟出发了。
set apart 分离,流出 set aside 流出,宣布…无效 In that case ,I'll have some set aside for you. 既然这么说,我会为你留一些下来。 set down 放下,写下 set off 出发
set up 建立 We are going upstairs to set up Grandpa's room. 我们要上楼收拾一下爷爷的房间。
set fire to 放火烧 set an example for 为某人树立榜样
start vi.跳起;出发;开始 What time do you start work? 你什么时候开始工作？
start from 从...开始 start with 就此开始 to schedule one hour a week--to start with.安排一星期一个小时。 start in 开始 start after sb. 追赶上某人 start off 动身出发 start out 着手进行
start up 开工,突然站起来 at the very start 一开始
take vt.耗费(时间);需要 I used to take a walk in the early morning. 我过去常一大早出去散步。
take away 拿走,离开 20. I want to take away the book which you showed me yesterday.我想带走你昨天给我看的那本书。 take back 拿回来 take back one's words 收回(刚讲的话)
take A for B 把A误认为是B take in sth 接受 take in sb 欺骗
take off 起飞,取消 Before gold,even kings take off their hats. 在黄金面前,国王也要脱帽。
take on 呈现,承担 The U.S. will take one route, the Japan take other. 美国和日本采取不同的新路径。
take on sb 雇用 take up 占据(时间,地方),从事于
take pride in =be proud of 引以为豪 take turn 轮流 take in turn 依次
take pains to do 努力做某事 take a chance 碰运气
take a lead 带头 take effect 生效 take charge of 负责 take one's leave 告辞
think v.思考;认为;想起 Yes, I think so. 是的,我认为是。
think about 考虑,关心 What do you think about it? 你对此怎么看？
think of 想起,记得,觉得怎样 What do you think of their skill? 你觉得他们演奏技术如何？
think of as 把...当作... think over 仔细考虑 think out 想出,解决了,想清楚
think back to 回想过去 think well of 高度评价 think highly of 高度评价
throw v.投射;摔倒 n.投掷 to throw a plane 抛（纸）飞机
throw about 到处扔 throw away 扔掉,浪费(金钱),失去(机会)
throw back 扔回来,阻止,进攻 throw down 扔下来,推翻 within a stones throw off 靠...很近
throw in 扔,扔进 throw into 扔,扔进 throw in a word or two 插一两句话
throw off 匆忙地脱掉,摆脱,扔掉 throw off one's airs 放下某人的架子 throw on 匆忙穿上
throw out 赶走 Don't throw out the baby with the bath water. 切勿良莠不分一起抛。
throw light on 提供线索,有助理解某事 throw one's self into 投入 throw cold water 泼冷水
turn v.转向,旋转 n.轮流 Open your books and turn to page 20. 打开书,翻到第20页。
turn back 翻回到+to turn down 拒绝,音量调低
turn up 音量调高,出席 L: You can fill in this lost property report, and I'll keep my eye out for it. Those kinds of things usually turn up eventually, but I suggest you contact your embassy and tell them about your situation, so they can issue you a new passport in case it doesn't show up.管理员：你来填这张遗失报告表,我会替你留意的。像这样的东西,最后总是会出现的。但我建议你跟你们的大使馆联系并把你的情形告诉他们。万一你的护照找不到的话,他们会给你补发新护照的。
turn in 上交 Please turn in your paper before leaving. 请在离开前将论文交上。
turn oneself in 自首 turn into 把...变成...,把...翻译成...
turn out 结果是,制造出,生产出,培养出,关(煤气) 50. How did the game turn out? 球赛结果如何？
turn over 移交,把...打翻 turn to 转向,求助于,翻到第几页 Open your books and turn to page 20. 打开书,翻到第20页。
turn to sb for help 求助于 turn against 背叛 turn by one's 轮流,交替
in one's turn 轮到某人做某事 it is one's turn to do sth 轮到某人做某事
wear v.穿,戴,磨损,耐久 What will you wear for the party? 晚会上你穿什么？
wear sb out 使某人精疲力尽 wear sth out 使某物被穿破
wear off 慢慢地消失掉,褪掉 wear away 磨掉,(时间)消逝 wear on (时间)消逝
work vi.(机器等)运转;活动 I'll work for the next 5 days. 我要工作5天（从明天算起）
work on 从事于某项工作 I'll work on my computer. 我要练电脑。 work on a problem 从事于某项工作
work out 算出（总数）to work out a sum 算出总数 带来好结果；有预期的结果Things will work themselves out. 事情会有好结果的。运动；锻炼to work out daily with sparring partner 每天和拳击陪练员练习 I could work out in your class with no problem. 如果我去你的班上做运动 一定不会觉得有问题。（矿山）开采完，采尽
work at 在做... I start work at 8 o'clock. 我八点开始工作。 work in with 配合 work up 准备
work in 编进去 Yes. I'm a designer, and I work in a boutique. 是的 我是位设计师 我在一家服装店工作。
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to的用法归纳
一：表示相对，针对
be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar, distinct, sensitive, immune, vulnerable, indispensable) to
Air is indispensable to life.
Aircrafts are vulnerable to interference caused by radiation.
This injection will make you immune to infection.
二：表示对比，比较
1：以-ior结尾的形容词，后接介词to表示比较，如：superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior
The quarrel happened prior to my arrival.
2:一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词，如equal，similar，equivalent，analogous
A is similar to B in many ways.
3：表示一些先后顺序的形容词，如：second,subsequent,next,preliminary,preparatory
Subsequent to the war,they returned to their hometown.
4:to也偶尔出现在个别动词之后,与动词形成固定词组,表示比较,如:prefer to,compare to,in contrast to compare to sth.表示比喻或比拟,而compare with sth.表示比较,如:
World is usually compared to a stage
Compared with his past,he has changed a lot.
Prefer的正确句型是:prefer A to B或prefer doing A to doing B,但当prefer后接动词不定式时,表示比较的介词to就要改成rather than ,如:
The undaunted soldier preferred death to surrender.
Many people prefer spending money to earning money.
They prefer to pursue careers rather than remain home as house wives.
5:to与及个别的名词构成比较之意,如:alternative
Going to an under water concert is a great alternative to going to dinner.
三:表示修饰关系
1:表示回复,反应意思的词,如:answer to question,
solution to problem,response to inquiry,reaction to proposal,reply to letter
2:表示建筑构件的词汇,如: entry,entrance,approach,access,passage,exit,vent,path
the approach to a bridge引桥
the approach to science
Half of the population was estimated to have no access to the health service.
The access to education 接受教育的机会
The access to medical care 享受公费医疗的权利
4:表示人物职位和官衔的词,如:assistant to manager, ambassador to Spain, successor to tradition, heir to throne,deputy to the National People’s Congress
advisor to the Prime Minister
5:表示权利和许可的词汇,如:right,admission
The employee finally got the admission to the boardroom.
Everyone has an equal right to ……..
6:表示栅栏或障碍的词汇,如:bars to development,the barrier to progress
7:表示与书籍,文本相关的词,如:introduction to passage.
8:表示恭喜或是祝贺,如:
The director proposed a toast to the health of the guests.
Let’s drink to Dick’s success in business
9:另外还有一些名词符合这种用法,有的具有两者息息相关,缺一不可的含义.如:key to door,invitation to party,
guide to action,limitation to life,accessory to school
四:to还具有依据,伴随,和着节奏的含义,如:sing to piano, chance to the tune, stamp to the rhythm of the song, add salt to taste
一：表示相关联，相连接，如：be related to,be relative to,in relation to,be relevant to,link to
Investigate all the facts related to the problem.
People often linked walth to happiness.
二：表示反对和赞同。
1：to引导的表示反对，抗拒，对抗意义的词组。Be opposed to,be oppsist to,be contrary to,be adverse to,be resistant to,be contradictory to,object to,oppose to,deny tp,be aline to
These buildings are resistant to earthquake.
They are to tally opposed to any changes being made in the plans.
2:to引导的表示同意，赞同意义的词组：consent to,subseribe to,
The employer consented to give him a salary raise.表示调整，使符合，使适应的含义，如：adapt to,commodate to,adjust to,conform to,habituate to,fit to,suit to,correspond to,cater to
She tried to habituate herself to the style of plain living.
Your action should conform to the interests of the people.
They offered various foods to cater to the need of customers.
His words doesn’t fit to his actions.
Suit your writing style to the masses.
3:表示投降,屈服,服从的含义,如:be subject to,be subordinate to,submit to,subject to,surrender to,give in to,confess to,admit to.
The minority is subordinate to the majority少数服从多数
Countries nearby oceans are always subject to earthquake.
He confessed to having robbed the woman of her wallet.
We’re not the kind of people to yield to any military threat.
五:表示趋势或倾向,如:tend to,be prone to,be inclined to,be apt to,be liable to
He’s liable to seasickness.
You are liable to come to wrong conclusion.
六:表示对事情的坚持与执着,如:sick to,hold o,adhere to,cling to
He still holds on to his original views.
七:表示约束,局限,如:limit to,confine to,resrict to
He’s confined to the house by illness.
He confined his remarks to scientific mangement.
八:表示一种习惯或是一种适应性,如:get (be) to,used to,be accustomed to
Finally,the students got used to my teaching method.
十:表示起因和原由,如:owing to,due to,thanks to,attribute to,come down to
The flight was cancelled due to the thick fog.
The famous artist attributed his success to his wife.
十一:表示目的或结果,如:aim to,lead to,give rise to
I aim to be an excellent college teacher.
His conceit lead to his failure.
These bad condition has given rise to a lot of crises
十二:表示命运,注定,如:be doomed to,be destined to,
All military adventures by the two super powers are doomed to fail.
十三:表示数量上的积累或增加,如:in addition to,add to,amount to
In addition to relief supplies,he also presented with some money.
The annual output of steel amounts to 1200 tons.
十四:表示全身心投入的含义,如:be addicted to,contribute to,devote to,commit to
He is determined to devote all his life to his.
十五:表示展望或是回顾,如:look forward to反date back to
The church dates back to the 13th century.
十六:表示方位概念.如:close to,next to
I don’t like wool next to my skin.
十七:表示依靠或借助,如:resort to,turn to,appeal to,
He usually appeals to arms to settle the territory dispute.
十八:表示有关注,关于:as to,with regard to
十九:表示关注或重视,如:pay attention to,attach to,
We should attach primary importance to job training.
二十:表示依据或是根据,如:according to,in proportion to
According to today’s newspaper,the match will be postponed.
The lending countries subscribe towards capital stock in proportion to their economic importance.
二十一:表示应该或必须含义的句式,如:
It’s time to get up.
We are supposed to get here at seven.
It’s up to this country to ban nuclear weapons.
常用词组
respond to（反应）,appeal to（吸引）,catch on to（理解）,listen to（收听）,used to（过去常常）,give birth to,attend to（照料）,see to（负责）,be entitled to（有权）,belong to（属于）,come to（苏醒）,stand up to（勇敢面对）,help oneself to（请自便）,refer to,to the point（切题）,
Train them to stand up to any severe test in hard.
The ticket entitled you to a free meal in the luxury hotel.
See to it that the children get a hot meal after their swim.
You will catch on to the job shortly after wards.
People usually refer to television for up-to-the-minute news.
介词of用法归纳
1:表示剥夺,除去
一:deprive sb. of his right
denude sb. of his possession (hope)
divest the baby of his clothes
rid him of this fear rob sb. of his wallet
defraud sb. of gold ring
cure sb. of cancer heal sb. of cancer
purify the nation clean the jar of crust
clarify the river of flowing rubbish
--get rid of, rid of, dispose of
2:of接直接宾语
-告诉-tell sb. of sth. inform sb. of sth warn sb. of fire
remind sb. of his duties acquaint sb. of sth. notify of..
-其他,劝服-persuade sb. of honesty assure sb. of the best seats convince sb. of sth.
-法律词汇-accuse sb. of burglary ; convict sb. of murder; suspect sb. of a theft
-reassure his wife of his safe arrival
3:of接间接宾语
request sth. of sb. expect sth. of sb. require sth. of sb.
ask a question of sb. be fearful of mistakes be jealous of wealthy persons be reminiscent of his past be patient of the enormous noise be guilty of robbery be innocent of robbery
4:of表示人物的特性,籍贯,特性或出生等
He is of Irish descend (ascent)
People of obscure origin (humble /noble)
Man of keen perception a man of moral integrity
5:固定词组
-say of, tale of, hear of, think of, learn of, savor of
The room smells of stale cabbage.
-brag of his achievements. Boast of his children
beware of pickpockets approve of the program
doubt of success complain of poor management
-be sure of be suspicious of be aware of
be confident of be proud of be ashamed of
be afraid of be capable of be lack of
be critical of be shortly of be conscious of
be ignorant of be wary of be cautious og
be appreciative of your advice
-regardless of , irrespective of ,不管….无视
in favor of
decide on three most popular leisure
activities irrespective of age
介词Under
表示处于…状态之下，接受…
preparations are under way.
a road under repair
books under the care of librarian
a patient under emergency treatment
a matter under consideration
a program under discussion
plants under attack of insects
a curiosity under the escort of police
a country under threat of terrorists
a curiosity under the escort of police
a land under cultivation
a murderer under arrest
unequal treaties made under duress
a maiden under the control of the mechanic
a statesman under illusion about sth.
a principle under stress (pressure)
an employee under a constant emotional strain
plans under the conduct of teacher
embark on the scheme under compulsion
under the stimulus of the hope
under for the match under false name
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